It isn't quite as versatile as you might be looking for, but when you have a segment opened up, you can sort it by various timeframes such as "this week" or "this month".  If you use this week, it will show the leaderboard for everyone who has done it that week and show you how many times it has been done, so that might help.  Same with "this month".  I don't believe there is any way to specify a timeframe other than that though.

And considering the question is placed in the developer section: No, the API doesn't support that.

Thanks! I meant on the API level, not the user interface - sorry, should have specified that.